Eel, European

The last assessment of this species was carried out in 2013, but there are no indications that the situation of European eel has improved since then.

European eel is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Since 1980, eel catches have declined by 75%, while glass eel recruitment has fallen by 99%. The exact cause of this rapid decline is unknown, but water pollution, barriers in waterways and fishing are believed to be contributing factors.

European eel is mainly caught using fyke nets. The impact of this fishing method on the ecosystem is still unclear. However, it is likely to be harmful to species attracted to the captured eels, such as otters and birds. This fishing method is expected to have a minimal impact on habitats.

Under a European regulation introduced in 2007, every Member State is required to take drastic measures to support the recovery of European eel stocks. Contrary to scientific advice, the plan still allows fishing for both young eel (glass eel) and adult eel. Illegal fishing also continues to be encouraged by the high price of eel. The management of this species is not effective.

Want to know more about European eel? Read about two projects undertaken by Good Fish: Toekomst voor Paling and Power to the Paling. We have also prepared an FAQ.

European eel farming in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is performing poorly. Farming is entirely dependent on wild-caught glass eels, while European eel is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Since 1980, eel catches have declined sharply, and glass eel recruitment has fallen by approximately 99%. As eel does not yet reproduce in captivity, farming remains dependent on an endangered wild population. European eel therefore scores red on the VISwijzer, regardless of the farming method.

RAS limits the discharge of waste, prevents virtually all escapes and has little impact on the surrounding environment. Diseases can occur but generally remain confined to the farm and do not spread to wild populations. Antibiotic use is limited and the environmental impact is low. However, RAS requires large amounts of energy, and the feed contains relatively high proportions of fishmeal and fish oil.

Management is considered largely effective. There are no AIPs or independent sustainability certifications available for these farms. The SEG label sets requirements for the sourcing of glass eels and encourages the restocking of young eels, but current evidence does not show that this leads to the recovery of wild eel populations or to more sustainable farming than existing legal standards. The SEG label therefore does not represent an improvement over current farming practices.