Atlantic cod

Atlantic cod has been MSCMSC:
Marine Stewardship Council, an independent, international non-profit organization that has developed an eco-label that guarantees well-managed, sustainable fisheries. Fish products that meet the criteria of the eco-label can be identified by the blue MSC logo.-certified since 2010. Typically, these fisheries catch other MSC-certified species besides cod, such as haddock and pollack. Much of the cod sold on the Dutch market comes from the Barents Sea, Skagerrak or Icelandic waters. Since 2017, much of the North Sea cod was also MSC-certified, but as these stocks collapsed due to overfishing, this MSC certification was withdrawn in 2019. MSC-certified cod are caught using demersalDemersal longline:
A fishing method whereby an anchored long main line (40-100 km long) is expanded, with attached transverse lines with hooks with bait.   longlines, potspots:
A fishing method in which traps made of chicken wire are baited (fresh or salted fish) which are then placed on the seabed. Species caught this way include crab, lobster, whelk, langoustine and octopus. and trapsTraps:
Traps are a kind of cages made of, for example, chicken wire that lie on the bottom of the sea. At the front is a net with large holes, which prevents species such as seals and waterfowl from swimming into the cage., handlinesHandlines and pole-lines:
A collective name for pole lines, jigs and troll lines. Hand lines and pole lines are used on a small scale most of the time and are relatively selective. unwanted by-catch have a high survival rate because they can be thrown back immediately.   and pole lines, anchoredanchored gillnets:
A fishing technique whereby passing fish become tangled up in a net with their gills (also known as a gillnet), which is vertically standing on the bottom. gillnets, bottomBottom trawls:
A fishing technique in which cone-shaped nets terminating in a codend are dragged through the water column or along the bottom. trawls and DanishDanish seines:
A fishing technique whereby one of the lines of the seine net/pit net is anchored. The ship expands the net with a moving motion and turns off when picking up the net. seines.

The cod stockStock:
The fish of a particular species reproducing in the same area in the same period.  in the northeast Arctic is at a sustainableSustainable:
Meeting the needs of current generations without compromising opportunities for future generations. This also allows future generations to benefit from the same needs. level. However, the biomassBiomass:
Biomass is the mass (weight) of living organisms in an area or ecosystem at the time. of the stock shows a declining trend and fishing mortalityFishing mortality:
The share of the fish stock that dies annually by fishing. This is the size to which fishing pressure is examined.   is slowly increasing.

Demersal fisheries with anchoredanchored gillnets:
A fishing technique whereby passing fish become tangled up in a net with their gills (also known as a gillnet), which is vertically standing on the bottom. gillnets and demersalDemersal longline:
A fishing method whereby an anchored long main line (40-100 km long) is expanded, with attached transverse lines with hooks with bait.   longlines are likely to cause significant negative ecosystem impacts by interacting with benthic habitats and species. BycatchBycatch:
Species caught next to species targeted for fishery. By-catches can consist of non-commercial species and species that are too small, and can be kept (this part is sometimes called by-product) or thrown back into the sea (discards).  of other species, including endangered and protectedProtected species:
Many marine species are protected from deliberate or intentional disturbance, capture, injury and killing, and in some cases possession or sale. Species are often protected if they play an important role in the ecosystem or are sensitive to fishing. These marine species are protected regardless of whether they are inside or outside marine protected areas. species, is likely and often documented.

This fishery is well managed and management is in line with both Russia’s and Norway’s fisheries policies. The managementManagement:
The regulations surrounding fisheries and aquaculture that ensure that production is carried out within legal frameworks and that sustainability can be assured. of this species in this area is effective.

Cod is a fish with high dietary requirements and FFDRFFDR:
The Forage Fish Dependency Ratio (FFDR) quantifies the environmental impact of aquaculture feed based on the inclusion level of forage fish marine ingredients.  , indicating that the feed is relatively high in fish mealfish meal:
Fishmeal is, together with fishoil, a very important ingredient used in fishfeed for aquaculture production. Fishmeal is derived from wild-caught fish which are often not caught sustainably. and fish oilfish oil:
Fishoil is, together with fishmeal, a very important ingredient used in fishfeed for aquaculture production. Fishoil is derived from wild-caught fish which are often not caught sustainably.. Much research is being done to optimise the feed, where the use of wild fish in the feed has also been reduced. The major feed producers have good documentation and traceability and are third-party certified.

Farming in cagesCages:
A cultivation technique with open cages in the sea, lake or river. They are anchored to the bottom and are standing in places sheltered for storm and high waves. Most salmon is grown in this type of culture system. Because the cages are in open connection with the surrounding water, the impact on the environment is high. mainly takes place at sea. This type of farming can have a major impact on the ecosystem by releasing residual and waste products directly into the environment. In addition, escapesEscapes:
It may happen that farmed animals escape during the farming process, for example when farming at sea or in rivers. This can lead to genetic mixing between the farmed animals and wild populations and can have negative effects on the growth and fertility of wild animals. are also known to occur regularly. Both genetic mixing of farmed fish with wild fish and disease transmission can have a major impact on the ecosystem.

The legal framework in producing countries can address most environmental and social problems. ManagementManagement:
The regulations surrounding fisheries and aquaculture that ensure that production is carried out within legal frameworks and that sustainability can be assured. of this species is partially effective.

The cod stockStock:
The fish of a particular species reproducing in the same area in the same period.  in this area is currently not at a sustainableSustainable:
Meeting the needs of current generations without compromising opportunities for future generations. This also allows future generations to benefit from the same needs. level. The fishing pressureFishing pressure:
Fishing pressure is a result of the fishing effort/amount of fishing on a stock, which determines the fishing mortality. Fishing mortality is the share of the fish stock that dies annually as a result of fishing. is still at the upper limit of sustainability and is considered to have a negative impact on the stock structure.

Demersal fisheries with anchoredanchored gillnets:
A fishing technique whereby passing fish become tangled up in a net with their gills (also known as a gillnet), which is vertically standing on the bottom. gillnets and bottomBottom trawls:
A fishing technique in which cone-shaped nets terminating in a codend are dragged through the water column or along the bottom. trawls are likely to cause significant negative impacts on the ecosystem by interacting with benthic habitats and species. BycatchBycatch:
Species caught next to species targeted for fishery. By-catches can consist of non-commercial species and species that are too small, and can be kept (this part is sometimes called by-product) or thrown back into the sea (discards).  of other species, including endangered and protectedProtected species:
Many marine species are protected from deliberate or intentional disturbance, capture, injury and killing, and in some cases possession or sale. Species are often protected if they play an important role in the ecosystem or are sensitive to fishing. These marine species are protected regardless of whether they are inside or outside marine protected areas. species, is likely and often documented.

The stockStock:
The fish of a particular species reproducing in the same area in the same period.  is adequately monitored and although management measuresManagement measures:
For fisheries, management measures can affect the amount of fish that can be caught, the type of gear that can be used and where fishing is and is not allowed. are implemented, there is no agreed management plan adopted by all parties. The managementManagement:
The regulations surrounding fisheries and aquaculture that ensure that production is carried out within legal frameworks and that sustainability can be assured. of this species is partially effective.

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