Illegal fishery, lack of data, bycatchBycatch:
Species caught next to species targeted for fishery. By-catches can consist of non-commercial species and species that are too small, and can be kept (this part is sometimes called by-product) or thrown back into the sea (discards). and discardsDiscards:
Unwanted by-catch, which is thrown back because there is no quota, the market price is too low, or the fish is below the legal minimum landing size. Discards can be alive or dead. are the main problems for swordfish. This species is overfishedOverfished:
A stock is overfished when the stock size has decreased so far that it can no longer produce a maximum sustainable yield. The size of the fish populations is insufficient to reproduce in the long term. in many areas. Swordfish are vulnerable to fishing pressureFishing pressure:
Fishing pressure is a result of the fishing effort/amount of fishing on a stock, which determines the fishing mortality. Fishing mortality is the share of the fish stock that dies annually as a result of fishing., because reach sexual maturity quite late.
The bycatchBycatch:
Species caught next to species targeted for fishery. By-catches can consist of non-commercial species and species that are too small, and can be kept (this part is sometimes called by-product) or thrown back into the sea (discards). in the longlineLongline:
Also known as line fishing. A fishing method in which lines and hooks are used. fishery on swordfish consists of non-target species, damaged fish, undersized fish, tuna, blue shark, birds and sea mammals. The survivability of the discards is low. The use of driftDrift nets:
Gill nets that float on the sea current (with or without boat). Fish get stuck in the nets with their gills. Drift nets are prohibited in European waters. nets is prohibited in the Mediterranean due to the impact this fishing method has on sharks, sea turtles, sea birds, and sea mammals. Some countries however keep using this method, which is why the IUU (Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated) fishery in this area is high.
The managementManagement:
The regulations surrounding fisheries and aquaculture that ensure that production is carried out within legal frameworks and that sustainability can be assured. is not effective. The fishery is in some areas regulated with [quotas] and a minimum [landing-size]. A reasonable amount of swordfish is discarded due to catch limitationsCatch limitations:
Limiting the amount of fish that may be caught (per year).. Closed areas, minimum sizes and regulation of the fishing effort can be made at national level in the Mediterranean.